Concentration of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in milk and its product: a systematic review and meta-analysis and health risk assessment study

This study evaluated the concentration of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in milk and its products. The related studies regarding PTEs products were investigated international databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Web Science. Finally, health risk assessment was performed using Total Target Hazard Quotient (TTHQ) by Monte-Carlo Simulation model. According to results 30 included articles among 981 retrieved studies, ranking metal Zn > Fe Se Cu As Ni Cd Pb Ni> Butter, well Cd> Fe> Zn> Se> As> cheese Yoghurt, respectively. Based on type continents, highest concentrations (0.16 µg/kg), (0.49 µg/kg) found yoghurt, cheese, butter, which Western Pacific Region (WPRO) European (EURO), Regarding trace elements, (3.94 (5.90 (0.23 observed yoghurt belonging WPRO Pan Americas (PAHO), In addition, (0.78 (0.57 represented associated with PAHO, non-carcinogenic indicated a different pattern various countries, TTHQ level adult groups all countrieswas lower than 1 except for Italy. Thus, consumption is safe consumers.